G12R-based modules are solar panels built using G12R (210R) size silicon wafers, a newer rectangular wafer format developed to improve module efficiency and manufacturing economics. In comparison, M10 modules use 182 mm square wafers, which have been widely used in the solar industry over the past few years.

The key difference lies in wafer size and shape: G12R wafers are slightly larger and rectangular, allowing manufacturers to design modules with higher power output while maintaining manageable module dimensions for installation and transport. Because of this design, G12R modules can deliver higher wattage, better cell packing density, and improved production efficiency, while also helping reduce costs by lowering material usage and improving line utilization.

These advantages are why many manufacturers see G12R as a next-generation mainstream format, especially as the industry moves toward high-efficiency N-type TOPCon technologies.

In India, solar manufacturers mainly use three types of encapsulants: EVA, POE, and newer TPO or hybrid co-extruded materials. EVA is the industry workhorse because it is affordable and offers good clarity, but it can yellow over time and is more vulnerable to moisture and PID, especially in hot and humid regions. POE has become popular for advanced modules like TOPCon and HJT since it provides stronger protection against moisture and PID, along with better long-term reliability, though it costs more and takes longer to laminate. Newer TPO and hybrid films try to offer the best of both worlds, combining EVA’s ease of processing with POE’s durability, but they are still developing and sometimes face supply or consistency issues. Overall, all these encapsulants serve the essential job of shielding solar cells from weather, UV light, and electrical stress, with manufacturers choosing based on climate needs, technology type, and cost-performance balance.